Decreased serum calcium values are found in hypoparathyroidism, rickets, osteiomalacia and steatorrhea. A fall in serum calcium can occun in acute pancreatitis and in those forms of renal disease in which excessive proteinuria is observed. Increased serum calcium values are observed in hyperparathyroidism, hypervitamonosis D and multiple myeloma.
Uric acid is the end product of nucleoprotein metabolism. It is a low threshold excretory product. the serum uric acid level is ofter raised in gout. the determination has diagnostic value differentiating gout from non gout arthritis. uric acid levels are also increased in renal failure, uremia and leukemia.
NOTE :- Lipid profile range as per ncep – atp 111 are :
Serum cholestrol (Total) :
Desirable: < 200 mg/dl, Borderline: 200-239 mg/dl, Elevated : >250 mg/dl.
Serum high – density lipoprotein cholterol (HDL):
Desirable: > 60 mg/dl, Borderline: 40-60 mg/dl, Elevated : >70 mg/dl.
TOTAL cholestrol : HDL cholestrol:
Low risk : 3.3 - 4.4, Average risk : 4.4 – 7.1, Moderate risk : 7.1 – 11.0, High risk : >11.0
Serum low – density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol:
Desirable : < 100 mg/dl, Borderline: 100-159 mg/dl, Elevated : >160 mg/dl.
* It is ptreferable to measure lipid after 12 hrs fasting, as triglyceride levels rised and both HDL & LDL levels fall after fat containing meals.
* since serum lipid levels a vary widely from day to day( being largely dependaent on diet) , at least 2 - 3 measurments should be made days or weeks apart , before labelling a person as hyper lipidaemic/ normolipidaemic or before initiating therapy.
*Both LDL & HDL levels remains decreased for several weeks after acute inflammatory states, following myocardial infection, stress, trauma, surgery and recent illness.
* lipid profile values should always be corroborated in the light of clinical findings, dietary habits / axcess/ restrictions, effects of illness, exercise, inter & intra individual variations and drugs( Anabolic steroids, oral contraceptives) progestogens, antithypertensives, oestrogen, insulin & hydrochlorthiazide.
Method:- CLIA ( Beckman Coulter) (3rd Generation)
REFERENCE RANGE IN PREGNANCY:
| 1st Trimester : 0.10 - 2.50 µIu/Ml |
| 2nd Trimester : 0.20 - 3.00 µIu/Ml |
| 3rd Trimester : 0.30 - 3.00 µIu/Ml |
Low TSH blood test results indicate an underactive thyroid gland, that is, hypothyroidism. This means that the thyroid gland is not producing thyroid hormones to the optimum level. The pituitary gland releases more TSH hormones to stimulate the thyroid gland to produce more hormone. A high TSH level indicates some acute or chronic problems related to thyroid dysfunction. High TSH blood test results also indicate that there may be some problem with the pituitary gland. A tumor may cause high TSH levels to be secreted by the pituitary gland. Patients who have undergone thyroid gland removal surgery may also show high TSH blood tests results. This means they are not begin administered the correct dose of thyroid medication that keeps the hormone production in check. You can read more on blood test results explained.High TSH blood test results indicate an overactive thyroid gland, that is, hyperthyroidism. Also, low TSH blood test results indicate a patient is begin administered excessive doses of thyroid hormone medication, in case of hormone replacement therapy. In very rare cases, low TSH level indicate towards damage or problems with the pituitary gland.
B vitamins are a class of water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. Though these vitamins share similar names, research shows that they are chemically distinct vitamins that often coexist in the same foods. In general, supplements containing all eight are referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamin supplements are referred to by the specific name of each vitamin (e.g., B1, B2, B3 etc.).
Vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin, is a complex corrinoid compound found exclusively from animal dietary sources, such as meat, eggs and milk. It is critical in normal DNA synthesis, which in turn affects erythrocyte maturation and in the formation of myelin sheath. Vitamin-B12 is used to find out neurological abnormalities and impaired DNA synthesis associated with macrocytic anemias. For diagnostic purpose, results should always be assessed in conjunction with the patients medical history, clinical examination and other findings.
METHOD : C.L.I.A. (By Beckman Coulter)
PRIMARY SAMPLE : SERUM
Vitamin D is a precursor of the steroid hormone 1,25-(OH)2D3 which binds to and activates the transcription factorVDR (Vitamin D receptor).The vitamin D-VDR complex regulates2-3% of the human genome and thus has a major influence on the human organism. Skin exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is the main source of vitamin D. Sources of vitamin D in the diet include fatty fish such as herring and salmon. Vitamin D Insufficiency Vitamin D deficiency is a major global health problem. Several population studies have identified widespread 25-OH insufficiency in apparently otherwise healthy populations.Indication of Vitamin D measurement
Suspicion of vitamin D insufficiency/ Pregnancy/ Liver diseases/ Kidney diseases/ Estimation of the cardiovascular risk/ Determination of the nutrive/vitamin D status/ Suspicion of Vitamin D-Intoxication
Elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen are observed in pre renal , renal and post renal conditions .
Pre renal conditions .. diabetes mellitius, dehydration, cardiac failure , hematemesis, severe burns, high fever etc..
Renal conditions.. disease of kidneys.
Post renal conditions.. inlargement of prostate, stones in the urinary tract, tumor of the bladder . Decreased values have been reported in severe liver disease, protein malnutrition & pregnency.