Decreased serum calcium values are found in hypoparathyroidism, rickets, osteiomalacia and steatorrhea. A fall in serum calcium can occun in acute pancreatitis and in those forms of renal disease in which excessive proteinuria is observed. Increased serum calcium values are observed in hyperparathyroidism, hypervitamonosis D and multiple myeloma.
Uric acid is the end product of nucleoprotein metabolism. It is a low threshold excretory product. the serum uric acid level is ofter raised in gout. the determination has diagnostic value differentiating gout from non gout arthritis. uric acid levels are also increased in renal failure, uremia and leukemia.
"O" Negative is known as universal doner.
"AB" Positive is known as universal recepient.
* Lab is not responsible for patient's identification.
SUGGESTED : - CROSS CHECK AND CROSS MATCHING MUST BE DONE BEFORE BLOOD TRANSFUSION.
NOTE : - TO BE CONFIRMED BY ELISA OR OTHER METHOD.
HBsAg is the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It indicates current hepatitis B infection.
These antigen-proteins can be genetically manufactured (e.g. transgene E. coli) to produce material for a simple antigen test, which detects the presence of HBV. It is present in the sera of patients with viral hepatitis B (with or without clinical symptoms). Patients who developed antibodies against HBsAg (anti-HBsAg seroconversion) are usually considered non-infectious. HBsAg detection by immunoassay is used in blood screening, to establish a diagnosis of hepatitis B infection in the clinical setting (in combination with other disease markers) and to monitor antiviral treatment.
Positive HBsAg tests can be due to recent vaccination against Hepatitis B virus but this positivity is unlikely to persist beyond 14 days post-vaccination
NOTE : RAPID TEST IS NOT A CONFIRMATORY TEST PLEASE CONFIRM WITH E.L.I.S.A OR OTHER CONFIRMATORY TEST.
HIV tests are used to detect the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), in serum, saliva, or urine. Such tests may detect antibodies, antigens, or RNA.
NOTE : - TO BE CONFIRMED BY ELISA OR OTHER METHOD.
Hepatitis C is an infectious disease affecting primarily the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV).[1] The infection is often asymptomatic, but chronic infection can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis, which is generally apparent after many years. In some cases, those with cirrhosis will go on to develop liver failure, liver cancer, or life-threatening esophageal and gastric varices
Sample Type: Citrated Plasma
Technology: Viscosimetric Detection System (By STAGO)
Prothrombin (factor II) is synthesized in the liver in the presence of Vit K. Factor VII is also synthesized in the liver, which is related to prothrombin. In clotting mechanism in stage II, prothrombin is converted to thrombin, which transforms soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin clot. Abnormal prothrombin time suggests stage 2 defect. Prolonged prothrombin time is related to the deficiencies of factor II, V, VII, and X. Since excess of coumarin group drugs may lead to hemorrhagic conditions, prothrombin time determination is also used to monitor the drug therapy.
Troponin is attached to the protein tropomyosin and lies within the groove between actin filaments in muscle tissue. In a relaxed muscle, tropomyosin blocks the attachment site for the myosin crossbridge, thus preventing contraction. When the muscle cell is stimulated to contract by an action potential, calcium channels open in the myoplasmic membrane and release calcium into the myoplasm. Some of this calcium attaches to troponin which causes it to change shape, exposing binding sites for myosin (active sites) on the actin filaments. Myosin binding to actin forms cross bridges and contraction (cross bridge cycling) of the muscle begins.
Troponin is found in both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but the specific versions of troponin differ between types of muscle. The main difference is that the TnC subunit of troponin in skeletal muscle has four calcium ion binding sites, whereas in cardiac muscle there are only three. The actual amount of calcium that binds to troponin varies from expert to expert and source to source.
Elevated levels of blood urea nitrogen are observed in pre renal , renal and post renal conditions .
Pre renal conditions .. diabetes mellitius, dehydration, cardiac failure , hematemesis, severe burns, high fever etc..
Renal conditions.. disease of kidneys.
Post renal conditions.. inlargement of prostate, stones in the urinary tract, tumor of the bladder . Decreased values have been reported in severe liver disease, protein malnutrition & pregnency.